Data collection system

ABSTRACT

An electronic data collection device configured in a substantially two-dimensional arrangement is disclosed. The data collection device uses inexpensive flexible sheet materials to provide a flat framework in which to situate an interconnected combination of electronic components. The components provide an interactive function to supply input-output, control, and power functions. Components can include an information display, switches for responding to questions displayed on the information display, memory for storing responses to the questions, and a controller for controlling the operation of the data collection device. In addition, the device is provided with a data transfer interface that permits stored responses to be gathered by a response data accumulation device, such as a computer, having a corresponding interface.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to a system for collecting data, and inparticular to a low cost electronic data collection device.

Data collection processing has experienced numerous advances in theareas of equipment, software, and processes. However, the medium used tocollect data has seen little or no improvement. The collection medium ofchoice remains paper. Accordingly, most if not all data collected in theform of applications, tax returns, surveys, ballots, tests, and thelike, begins with filling out paper forms. Subsequent processing tocollect the data off of the paper is manually intensive, error prone,time consuming, and costly.

Consider the simplest data collection process wherein a collectioninstrument comprising one or more sheets of paper, or a booklet,contains questions that a respondent is invited to answer. There may bean answer space next to each question wherein the respondent is to writein their response. After completion, the forms are collected and aremanually inspected to collect response data. If the data is to becompiled, a data entry clerk or operator may be enlisted to transcribethe data into a log or computer database.

Such a system is very cumbersome due, in part, to the labor intensivenature of manually transcribing data from responses into a collectivelog or database. Indeed, a large cost component associated withconventional data collection processes of this sort, is the expense oflabor dedicated to transcribing the data. In addition, manualtranscription is susceptible to errors because of transcriber fatigue,misinterpretation, and human error. Turn around time also is slowbecause of the delays involved by manual transcription. The solutionproposed, and now widely adopted, is to reduce the collection medium(e.g., the answer portion of the survey) to a machine readable form.

A machine readable collection medium involves reducing answers on a formto a selection of, for example, small ovals, wherein each ovalcorresponds to an answer choice. The collection medium can consist ofone or more sheets wherein questions and answers are arranged next toone another. Alternatively, the collection medium can be in the form ofa separate answer sheet. In either case an answer choice is indicated byfilling in, or even punching out (if answer form is a punch card), adefined space corresponding to an answer choice. The answer form(s) iscollected and fed into a scanning device that interprets answerindications.

A simple answer scanning system may involve a specially designed opticalscanner that interprets machine readable forms by sensing which answerselection has been filled-in. The scanner may operate in combinationwith a computer having a software program that operates the scanner toand gathers information sensed by the scanner. The information gatheredby the system is then formatted and reported as desired.

A problem remains, however, in that optical scanner systems have beenknown to mis-read poorly entered answers (e.g., the answer space notsufficiently blackened in). This impacts not only the accuracy of thecollected data, but also the costs of completing data collection. Thesystem must be required to identify mis-marked forms. These forms arethen collected and visually inspected by operators who manually enterthe answers, or fill in the respondent's intended answer(s) and re-scanre-marked form. However, as with completely manual data gathering andcollection, this too requires expensive and time-consuming manualintervention to complete the data collection process.

Another problem with machine readable media is the difficulty involvedin collecting handwritten text. Handwritten text can be collected andinspected in a machine readable media system in several ways. One way isto solicit a respondent to translate the handwritten text into a machinereadable form by filling in a corresponding of oval for each letter(i.e., A through Z) from among a group of ovals that are respectivelyarranged below contiguous letter boxes in a handwritten entry portion ofthe answer form (e.g., see FIG. 1). Another technique involves using ascanner in combination with a character recognition algorithm tointerpret handwriting appearing in the contiguous boxes, or in an answerspace. Both of these solutions, however, remain susceptible to machinereading errors. Consequently, visual review and manual entry are stillrequired to complete data collection.

Systems, such as the aforementioned character recognition algorithms andoptical imaging systems, designed for commercial scale operation aregenerally very expensive. Such systems can be utilized in datacollection scenarios to process forms where a question may solicit alengthy, handwritten, answer requiring a subjective response, or whereina “Comments” section is provided. The costs of such systems is greatbecause they typically involve complex combinations of papersorting/routing machines and automatic scanners that operate in concertwith sophisticated software programs running on customized computerplatforms. A company or institution considering the purchase of a datacollection system with any level of sophistication must contend with thefact that procurement of such a system involves a significant up-frontinvestment. If the equipment is only used on an occasional basis, e.g.,to perform an annual survey or to scan voting ballots, it representsnon-performing idle capital equipment. Even with these systems, however,there remains the aforementioned accuracy problems that require manualintervention to overcome. Another problem with machine readable formsystems is that the automated mechanisms designed to fold and stuffenvelopes, open and unfold returned responses, and route and scanresponses are prone to jamming.

One solution that moves away from paper forms is to enlist an electronicnotepad that has a manually interactive display designed in accordancewith data collection needs (e.g., inpatient medical chart notebookcomputer). Such systems, however, are merely special purpose notebookcomputers that remain relatively expensive. Furthermore, operation ofsuch a data collection device usually requires training. In addition,such a device cannot be readily handed out in the manner that a testform, application form, survey, or the like, can be. Additionally, sucha device cannot be easily mailed or folded.

What is needed is a data collection system that overcomes the foregoingdisadvantages.

SUMMARY

The present invention overcomes the foregoing disadvantages by providingan electronic data collection device that completely replacesconventional paper forms in the data collection process. An electronicdata collection device in accordance with exemplary embodiments of theinvention is a combination of inexpensive, commercially availableelectronic components configured into a simple, substantiallytwo-dimensional arrangement. The arrangement of components is fixedwithin one or more sheets of suitably thin, but durable material, suchas paper or plastic. Such an arrangement is preferably rendered in formthat is light and durable so that it can be folded, if necessary, sothat it can be sent and returned via regular mail or by courier.

The arrangement, in an exemplary embodiment, includes a combination ofelectronic components comprising: input means, such as membraneswitches, (e.g., corresponding to alphanumeric characters and/orfunction switches), for receiving user input responses; output means,such as a low profile LCD or LED information display; memory means, suchas a simple memory device for storing system instructions, questions,and responses; logic means, such as a simple 8-bit CPU for controllingmemory writes and retrieves, controlling the LCD, and receiving userresponses; data transfer means, such as a simple radio frequency (RF)means, for transferring collected responses; and power means, such as alow profile battery, or solar cell, for providing power. The componentsare interconnected by a connection means, such as conductive ink, andappropriately affixed to a backing sheet using conductive, ornon-conductive adhesive, as necessary. A cover sheet can include printedindications that overlay switches, and windows through which theinformation display and a solar cell (if used) appear.

The foregoing elements can be integrated into a low cost, light weightdata collection device that completely replaces paper forms as acollection medium. Because the device can be intended for asingle/limited use, and/or disposable operation, low cost componentryand inexpensive design elements can be selected.

Questions and information (e.g., instructions) can be displayed in theinformation display. The topology, or functional/visual appearance, of adevice can be specifically tailored to the requirements of theparticular data collection task that the data collection device isintended for (e.g., an electronic mail-in ballot). Alternatively, thedata collection device can be supplied in a generic, or generalembodiment, whereby all of the information and questions to be conveyedto a respondent appear on the information display.

Operation of a data collection device can involve displaying questionsin the information display. A respondent can answer the questions usingan alphanumeric array of switches, or by actuating one or more switcheswhich can be arranged next to answer choices displayed by theinformation display. The answers entered by a respondent are stored inthe memory. After the data collection device is returned, answers can beharvested, or “captured” within an external system. In accordance withone embodiment of the invention, this can be done by positioning thedata collection device within the proximity of an external RFtransceiver unit, connected to a personal computer, that is designed tocapture recorded information from the data collection device. Automatictransfer of the information can take place in response to an encodedmessage from the RF transceiver unit. Such an arrangement allowssubstantially all processes associated with manual entry of collecteddata to be eliminated.

An electronic data collection device incorporating the invention reducesthe costs and time associated with the data collection process. Whileindividual data collection device unit costs may be greater than thecosts of paper question forms and/or answer sheets, the labor costinvolved with handling such materials, as well as the investment inoptical reading systems, are substantially eliminated. Cost reductionsin the data gathering process also are achieved by having a dataoriginator, or respondent, directly input their responses into the datacollection device in electronic form. Therefore, all of the processesand steps involved required to convert pencil entered data on forms areeliminated. Interpretation of respondent data is not required as wouldbe the case with manual data entry, scanning or other automated imageconversion processes. Consequently, the equipment required to performsuch tasks is substantially eliminated. Data quality and processimprovements are realized because there is no manual entry orinterpretation required subsequent to data entry by a respondent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing, and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will be more readily understood upon reading the followingdetailed description in conjunction with the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a conventional machine readable answer form designed forentry of alphanumeric data;

FIG. 2A depicts an exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2B through 2G depict the sheet layers that comprise the exemplaryembodiment of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2H depicts a more detailed illustration of an upper surface of thebacking sheet shown in FIG. 2G;

FIGS. 3A and 3B depict exemplary switch arrangements in accordance withthe invention;

FIG. 4 depicts an information display in an exemplary embodiment of theinvention;

FIGS. 5A through 5C depict a data transceiving arrangements inaccordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 6A depicts an electronic mail-in ballot in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6B depicts an exemplary backing sheet corresponding to the switcharrangement of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7 depicts an electronic census form in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 depicts an electronic tax return in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 depicts electronic cable television interface device inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 depicts alphanumeric keyboard arrangements in accordance withthe invention;

FIGS. 11A and 11B depict a data sealing tab in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12A depicts a Critical Data Checksum process in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12B depicts a Critical Data Element in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 depicts a data validity checking process in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 14 depicts a data correcting process in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An exemplary embodiment of a data collection device in accordance withthe invention is shown in FIG. 2A. FIGS. 2B through 2H illustrate thefront and back sides of the individual layers that comprise theexemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 2A. The collection device 200, inthe embodiment depicted in FIG. 2A, is comprised of three layers: a toplayer 206 (see also FIGS. 2B and 2C), a middle layer 204 (see also FIGS.2D and 2E), and a backing layer 202 (FIGS. 2F and 2G).

The front surface 208, or topology of the top layer 206 is depicted inFIG. 2B. The topology can be designed in accordance with the needs ofthe particular data collection task. The front surface 208 of the toplayer 206 may comprise a variety of switches 210, and openings 207 and209. Openings 207 and 209 receive an information display 212, and apower source, such as a solar cell 214, respectively. The inward facing,or back surface 216 of the top layer 206 is depicted in FIG. 2C. Theback surface 216 has conductive points 213 printed thereon thatcorrespond to the switches 210.

The middle layer 204 (FIGS. 2D and 2E), in the depicted embodiment,primarily serve to separate the conductive points 213 (on the backsurface 216) corresponding to the switches 210, from contact points 220(see FIG. 2H) on the inward facing, or top surface 218 of the backinglayer 202. That is, the middle layer performs the task of isolating andinsulating component elements on the back surface 216 of the top layer206 and component elements affixed to the top surface 218 of the backinglayer 202. This is achieved by defining apertures 215 in the middlelayer 204 that are positioned between the contact points 220 of thebacking layer 202 and the conductive points 213 on the back surface 216of the top layer 206. Respective points can be brought into contactthrough an aperture when a respondent depresses a switch 210 therebyindicating a switching condition. The middle layer 204, also containsapertures through which the information display 212 and the solar cell214 are received, respectively.

In the exemplary embodiment depicted, the inward facing surface 218 ofthe backing layer 202, provides the foundation to which the componentryinvolved in the data collection device is attached. FIG. 2F shows theinward facing, or top surface 218 of the backing layer 202. FIG. 2Gshows the outward facing, or bottom surface 230 of the backing layer202. FIG. 2H depicts the arrangement of the inward facing, or topsurface 218 (i.e., FIG. 2F) of the backing layer 202 in greater detail.The components affixed to the backing layer include: contact points 220corresponding to the switches 210; the information display 212; memorymeans 222; a microcontroller 224; a data transfer device in the form ofan RF antenna 226; and a power device in the form of the solar cell 214.The components can be interconnected by conductive ink that can bepre-printed onto the backing layer 202. The components can be affixed tothe conductive ink interconnectors on the surface 218 of the backinglayer 202 with a conductive adhesive at component connection contactpoints.

Operation of the data collection device 200 can involve displayingquestions, stored in the memory 222, on the information display 212.Answers, in the form of selection indicators, appear at a base positionof the information display 212, so that an answer choice appears above aswitch 210. Actuation of a switch 210 selects the corresponding answerappearing at the base of the information display 212. The answer choiceis sensed and recorded by the microcontroller 224. Recorded answers aretransmitted to an external capture means (not shown) by means of the RFantenna 226.

One of the basic functions of the data collection device is to provide adata input mechanism. The mechanism must convert a physical action by arespondent into an electronically detectable event. Such a mechanism isprovided by switches. An example of switch arrangements, or softswitchesthat can be utilized in the aforedescribed exemplary embodiment aredepicted in FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIG. 3A illustrates a shorting bar design.A top layer 302 can be made from a flexible material that has aconductive point, or shorting bar 313, printed or affixed to the backsurface of a switch indicator 308 (the shorting bar is depicted as adashed line for illustrative purposes). A circuit is completed toindicate a switching condition by applying pressure to the switchindicator 308 to bring the shorting bar 313 into contact with a switchdetect arrangement 310 on a backing layer 306. A middle sheet 304 in thearrangement has an aperture 314 that serves to separate the shorting barfrom the switch detect circuit 310. When the switch actuation isreleased, the tension of the top layer material retracts the shortingbar from contact. This provides the desired momentary contact switchaction.

In an alternative arrangement, depicted in FIG. 3B, a half switch designis depicted wherein a top half 323 of a switch is printed or affixed tothe back surface of top layer 306 and a bottom half 330 of a switch isprinted or affixed to the top surface of a backing layer 302. The twoswitch halves, 323 and 330, are separated by a middle layer 304 havingan aperture 314 defined therein. One of the two halves carries apotential while the opposing switch half is connected to a switchdetection port (not shown) on a microcontroller, or like device. Aswitching condition is indicated when an operator pushes the switchindicator to bring the two halves, 323 and 330, into contact therebysupplying potential to the switch detection port. It is worth notingthat the shorting bar 313 in FIG. 3A and the top switch half 323 in FIG.3B can be provided by supplying an additional layer between the toplayers and middle layers. By doing so, printing or affixing elements tothe inward facing surface of the top layers can be avoided.

Other possible switch mechanisms that can be used include membraneswitches and capacitive switches. An arrangement of membrane switchescan be laminated onto the top surface of the backing layer 102, oraffixed to the backing layer by appropriate means. Capacitive switches,that sense capacitive changes brought about by fingertip contact, can befabricated much in the same way as the half switch and shorting bardesign, described above, albeit with a suitable dielectric interspersedat appropriate mid layer locations.

An information display can be selected from any of a number of wellknown technologies. These include, but are not limited to: liquidcrystal displays and indicators (LCD), encapsulated liquid crystaldisplays and indicators (NCAP), light emitting diodes (LED),electroluminescent displays (EL), and break out indicators. LCDtechnologies are used, in a preferred embodiment, because of their cost,construction characteristics (i.e., low profile, durable), and low powerrequirements. Commercial LCDs are readily available from manufacturerssuch as Raychem, Seiko and Casio. An exemplary information display, inthe form of an LCD, is depicted in FIG. 4. The LCD 400 can operate inconcert with softswitches 410 to facilitate response entry by anoperator. The LCD 400 may operate in combination with an LCD controller402 (shown for illustrative purposes) that communicates with amicrocontroller (not shown). The LCD 400 can be used to displayinformation, such as a survey statement 404, to which a respondent isinvited to supply a response 406. The LCD 400 can display softswitchlabels 408 that correspond to the softswitches 410. Contact with anappropriate softswitch 410 indicates an answer selection.

Memory can be in the form of a separate memory 222, as depicted in FIG.2H. Alternatively, a microcontroller memory, or a combination ofmicrocontroller and separate memories can be used. One or more memoriesserve the functions of storing operating instructions for controllingthe data collection device 200, and for storing response informationentered by a respondent. The particular memory configuration andcapacity is determined by the operational requirements of the datacollection device. In accordance with preferred embodiments, operatinginstructions are stored in ROM memory having a low power requirement.Fetch rates need not be particularly fast, therefore low speed, low costmemory can be selected for use. Responses can be stored in a dynamicmemory, such as RAM. In a preferred embodiment, RAM memory incorporatingferrous memory technology is used to alleviate the requirement forrefreshing, thereby reducing power requirements. Alternatively, flashmemory can be used for storing responses.

Logic for the data collector can be provided by a simple CPU ormicrocontroller. The particular microcontroller can be selecteddepending upon the operational requirements involved in the particularapplication. The microcontroller operates to control the informationdisplay, to supply questions, and to manage and collect responses fromswitch actuations or alphanumeric keyboard entries responding toquestions. The microcontroller can also manage memory reads, memorywrites, and data transfer processes. The microcontroller can be anoff-the-shelf CPU programmed in accordance with the operationalrequirements for the particular application. Alternatively, anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC) microcontroller can beutilized that is designed for a particular application. For example, aninexpensive simple ASIC can be designed that combines an LCD controllerand switch actuation detectors onto a single chip. Such a chip also cancontain ROM for operating instruction and display contents, and ferrousRAM for storage of responses. An ASIC design requirement may be specificto an application, such as an electronic mail-in voting ballot.Alternatively, the ASIC can be designed to be particularly flexible oruser configurable. An example of the latter is a generic electronicsurvey device that can be programmed with survey questions by apurchaser. This may involve providing the purchaser with PC softwarethat can be used to program survey questions into the generic electronicsurvey devices prior to their distribution to respondents.

Interfacing with a data collection device to program a microcontroller,and/or to gather response information collected within the datacollection device, can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms. Anexemplary interface device, in the form of a physical connector 528, isdepicted in FIG. 5A. The physical connector 528 is comprised of aparallel 8-bit data bus that corresponds to an 8-bit microcontroller524. The physical connector 528 can be fashioned to abut a peripheraledge of the data collector device 500. A data processing system, such asa personal computer 532, can communicate with the data collection device500 using a connector 530 adapted to interface with the physicalconnector 528. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that aserial connection scheme can be used in the alternative. The connector530 can interface the data collection device 500 with a personalcomputer 532 via the personal computer's serial or parallel port.Software can be supplied for the PC that facilitates the gathering andformatting of data gathered from the data collection device 500. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that the selection of an interface maydepend on the microcontroller used, and that any of the standardinterface devices, such as an RS-232 or other standardized Modeminterface, can be adapted to interface between the data collectiondevice and a PC or other off-board interfacing means.

In an alternative configuration in accordance with the invention, a datatransfer means can take the form of a radio frequency (RF) transmissiondevice, such as an antenna. An exemplary embodiment of an RF transceiverarrangement is depicted in FIG. 5B. The manual steps necessary tocomplete a physical connection associated with the arrangement of FIG.5A can be avoided by utilizing an RF element 526 to interface themicrocontroller 524. The RF element is in the form of an antenna 526that is designed to communicate with an RF transceiver unit, or datatransfer radio 534, connected to a parallel or serial port on a PC 532.Through its transceiver antenna 540, the data collection device 500 canbe instructed by the data transfer radio 534 (as controlled by the PC)to supply data gathered and stored within the memory 522. The RFinterface also can be used by the PC 532 to download instructions to thedata collection device 500.

An RF interface to the data collection device 500 can be of a passive oractive variety. A passive RF data transfer configuration is depicted inFIG. 5C. In the figure, the data collection device 500 contains atransceiving antenna 526 and a power supply antenna 536. A data transferradio 534 is connected to a serial or parallel port of a PC 532. Thedata transfer radio 534 contains a power supply antenna 538 and atransceiving antenna 540. When the data collection device 500 ispositioned proximate to the radio device 534, emissions from the powersupply antenna 538 in the radio device 534 are received by the powersupply antenna 536 of the data collection device 500, thereby supplyingoperating power to the data collection device 500. Such power is used bythe data collection device 500 to communicate with the data transferradio 534, and consequently with the PC 532, through respectivetransceiving antennas 526 and 540. In an alternative embodiment havingan active RF communications scheme, a battery can be supplied in thedata collection device 500 to provide power for the transceiving antenna526.

Another exemplary configuration having an RF data transfer capabilityinvolves using an RF tag element. RF tags, such as those offered byMicron Communications, Inc., of Boise, Idaho are electronicidentification devices that are designed to emit an identification codeupon receiving a designated RF signal. The identification code isusually several bytes long an includes information such as a StandardIndustrial Classification Code (SIC), or a standardized UCC/EAN code.Such tags can be used as automatic identifiers on shipping containers,to track inventory within a warehouse, or to track a product as it movesthrough an assembly line process (e.g., an automobile).

In accordance with systems incorporating the invention, the RF tagemits, not a fixed code, but rather information gathered and stored indynamic memory within the RF tag. Micron's MicroStamp™ line of productsare particularly well suited because of their low profile construction,security features, operating flexibility, transmission range (up to 50feet) and low cost. This line of RF tags are available in a variety ofmodels that include writable memories and 8-bit microprocessors inaddition to RF communication elements. A data collection device equippedwith an RF tag in accordance with the invention needs only to be placedwithin the proximity of a corresponding data transfer radio thatfacilitates an interface between the RF tag-equipped data collector anda PC, or other data capture system. When not in communication with aradio capture system, the RF tag idles in a dormant operating mode.Reception circuitry in the tag, upon receiving an appropriate signal,wakes the RF tag, whereafter communication can take place.

There are several advantages to using the RF data transfer scheme. Datacan be collected from data collection devices without having to make aphysical connection with any of the data collection device'scomponentry. Consequently, data can be gathered from the collectiondevices by merely bringing them into proximity with a data transferradio. This facilitates rapid turn around in the data capture processfollowing collection and/or return of the data collection devices.Furthermore, if the data collection devices are collected by mail, theyneed not be removed from their envelopes as data can simply by gatheredby RF communication. In addition, identification codes can be maintainedand transmitted by the RF tags to facilitate batch processing of datacollection devices. As discussed in greater detail below, security anderror correction can be provided by encrypting communications betweenthe data collection device and the radio data transfer device and byusing error correction coding and/or checksums.

Power for the data collection device can be supplied by either battery,photovoltaic means (e.g., a solar cell), or a combination of both. Thechoice of power supplies can depend on the power requirements of thedata collection device and the cost considerations involved with theparticular application. A more sophisticated, or complex, applicationspecific data collection device can require more processing capabilityand consequently more operating power. The size of a solar cell requiredto supply the requisite amount of power may be cost prohibitive. In sucha case, a low profile battery used individually, or in combination, witha solar cell may be a more cost effective solution. Such batteries arereadily available in the marketplace. Examples include Micron's lowprofile lithium batteries and Unicell Corporation's line of flatpackbatteries.

The selection of component package formats for a data collection deviceare preferably selected with eye to component height, or profile, andcosts. Low-profile component package configurations such as leadlesschip carrier, J-lead chip carrier, and like surface mount carriertechnologies can be used for IC components. Discrete elements can be inthe form of discrete leadless components, small-outline transistors, andthe like. Flipdie formatted components are deemed particularly suitable,because they do not ordinarily involve component packaging or wireleads. In flipdie technology, only the silicon chip itself is used andis affixed directly to interconnections. Flipdie components are directlyconnected to interconnectors by means of raised wirebond contact pointson the flipdie component surface.

The choice of materials and construction techniques of a data collectiondevice involves many factors. A device in accordance with the inventioncan be designed for single- or limited-use operation. Consequently,materials and construction techniques are not necessarily selected witha view to operating longevity. More important are cost considerationsthat reduce data collection device unit costs while maintainingsufficient reliability and durability. It is a goal of the presentinvention to outperform, from an overall cost standpoint, conventionalpaper-driven data gathering systems that involve large initialinvestments in optical scanning systems, sophisticated software, andaffiliated computers. Conventional systems also entail considerablelabor cost attributable to the correction and editing process formismarked or unreadable materials that cannot be interpreted byconventional automated systems, as discussed above in the Backgroundsection.

With respect to the selection of foundation, or sheet layer materialsfor the formation of data collection device, the embodiment describedabove with respect to FIGS. 2A through 2G merely depicts an exemplarythree layer configuration. Other configurations may involve more orfewer layers depending on the operational, functional and cost factorsinvolved. Materials selected for the formation of the top middle andbacking layers 202, 204 and 206, respectively, can be selected from anyappropriate material such as paper, polystyrene or high-densitystyrofoam sheeting, polycarbonate, plastic, or any combination of these.Any of the aforementioned materials can be reinforced with synthetic ornatural fibers, or be impregnated with compounds to enhance strength anddurability. The backing sheet material should be selected taking intoaccount its receptivity to conductive inks and adhesive compounds usedto affix the various components to its surface. The aforementionedpolycarbonate material is deemed particularly appropriate as itpossesses excellent component adhesion properties and is receptive toconductive graphite as a printed interconnector compound.

The middle layer, if used, can have a greater profile than the top orbacking layer in order to define a space between the conductive pointsbehind the switches 210 of the top sheet and the contact points 220 onthe backing sheets (see FIG. 2). The middle sheet can be formed from adense foam compound to add rigidity to the data collection device, togive it a more durable characteristic, and better tactile response.

In an exemplary three-layer embodiment, a thin polycarbonate backingsheet, having a suitable combination of components attached thereto, iscovered by a slightly thicker polystyrene midsheet. The midsheet hasappropriate apertures formed therein to receive an information display,softswitch spaces, LEDs, and a solar cell (if used). The midsheet ispre-printed, on its top surface, with switch locations and identities,and other pertinent information. The midsheet is covered by a top sheetof thin transparent plastic, that is heat sealed to the upper surface ofthe midsheet.

Because it is desirable to provide an electronic data collection devicethat can easily be sent through the regular mail, or by courier, it is agoal for embodiments of the invention to be compatible with regular mailforms. That is, the device should be dimensionally arranged in such away that it can be readily inserted into a standardized envelope, or ina non-folded embodiment, in a standard large mailer. Consider forexample, an arrangement using standard 8½ inch by 11 inch sheets asbacking and top sheet materials. The height or profile of such anarrangement is dictated by the thickness of a thickest componentsandwiched between the sheets. In an exemplary embodiment of theinvention incorporating the aforementioned Micron MicroStamp™ device, atypical model of such a device has a profile height of 0.09 inches(approximately 2.29 mm). Thus, the height or profile of the electronicdata collection device would be slightly thicker. Therefore, thethickness of exemplary embodiments would typically be on the order of{fraction (1/80)} to {fraction (1/110)} of the width and/or length. Ofcourse use of a Micron MicroStamp™ arrangement in a four inch by fiveinch note card size arrangement would correspond to a ratio of thicknesson the order of {fraction (1/40)} to {fraction (1/50)} of the widthand/or length. That is, a thickness of an exemplary apparatus is in arange of 0.09 and 0.15 inches and said first and second lateraldimensions are in the range of 3.0 to 14.5. The foregoing sheet sizesare merely exemplary, and are provided for illustrative purposes todemonstrate possible thickness ratios of exemplary embodiments of theinvention.

Conductive inks are readily available through commercial vendors.Manufactures of such compounds include 3M. As an alternative toconductive ink, a conductive adhesive can be used to form conductiveinterconnectors. Conductive inks and/or adhesives can be applied to alayer or sheet using conventional offset printing, silk screenprocesses, or photolithographic techniques. Heat sealing can be used asa curing process to fix inks or adhesives. In an alternativeinterconnector arrangement, a laminated conductor sheet can be used as abacking layer. Components can be affixed to the laminated sheet wherebycomponent contact points penetrate the laminated membrane to attach tothe conductors.

Components can be affixed to a backing sheet by use of conductiveadhesives at contact points. An example of a suitable conductiveadhesive is Uniaxial epoxy compound by Uniax Corporation of BloomfieldHills, Mich. Uniaxial epoxy compound is a combination of epoxy andnickel (Ni) powder. In addition, component shielding can be provided, tosupply electronic isolation and mechanical protection, by bondingcomponent bodies to a backing sheet by dabbing plastic, ceramic, orepoxy adhesives at component attachment locations. The aforementionedUniaxial epoxy compound is especially well suited as it formselectrically conductive contacts at component contact points, whileremaining non-conductive away from component contact points. In analternative arrangement, various components and interconnectors can besuspended between laminated sheets. An upper laminated sheet can havetransparent window portions for receiving an information display, solarcell, and LEDs. Opaque portions of the upper laminated sheet can beprinted with an appropriate topology. One skilled in the art willreadily recognize that, regardless of the particular layer or laminatedconfiguration, the entire process of laying out interconnector patternson a backing sheet, affixing components thereon, overlaying and bondingadditional sheets, can be performed by automated processes and systems.

Arrangements in accordance with the invention can be devised inapplication specific configurations. An example is an electronic mail-inballot for use as an absentee ballot in an election. The topology of anexemplary mail-in ballot 600 is depicted in FIG. 6A. The mail-in ballot600 comprises an information display 602, such as an LCD; input means inform of an alphanumeric keypad 604, and switches 606; and a power sourcein the form of a solar cell 608. The topology of the form issubstantially identical to that of a conventional mail-in ballot. Thatis, candidates up for election appear under designated ballot sectionsfor, e.g., State Governor 610, U.S. Senate 620, and U.S. House ofRepresentatives 630. The Gubernatorial candidates may consist of aRepublican candidate 612, a Democratic candidate 614, and a write-incandidate 616. Appearing next to each candidate is a switch 606 and aselection indicator 605. The selection indicator 605 can be an LCD, LED,EL element, or the like, that indicates the selection of a candidatewhen the corresponding switch 606 is actuated.

Use of the mail-in ballot can be carried out as follows. The voter canbe provided with a preliminary set of instructions for initial operationof the mail-in ballot, for instance to press the start switch 640. Thestart key notifies a microcontroller (not shown) to begin operation. Themicrocontroller substantially controls and monitors all functions of theelectronic mail-in ballot 600. One having ordinary skill in the artwould be capable of programming an instruction set for themicrocontroller to carry out germane tasks involved with the operationof the electronic mail-in ballot.

A first task performed by the microcontroller can be to display votinginstructions in the information display 602. A voter selects a candidateby actuating a switch 606 corresponding to the candidate's name. Uponsensing the selection, the microcontroller illuminates a selectionindicator 605 corresponding to the actuated switch and records theselection. The voter can change their selection by actuating anotherswitch. The microcontroller illuminates the selection indicator 605corresponding to that switch, turns off the previously selectedindicator, and records the new choice.

If a switch corresponding to the write-in 616 is actuated, instructionsappear in the information display 602 directing the voter to use thealphanumeric keypad 604 to enter the name. As the name is typed in onthe keypad 604, it is displayed on the LCD indicator 602. After enteringthe name, the voter can hit the <enter> key to record the write-incandidate. When the voter has completed their selections, a tab 650 isto be torn from the ballot to seal the vote. The tab 650 can be aperforated, or tear away section of the mail-in ballot that includes aportion of the printed interconnectors used to interconnect criticalmail-in ballot components thereby “sealing” the ballot. The mail-inballot 600 can be designed so that removal of the tab makes itpractically impossible to change the recorded voting information. Such atear away tab is not limited to use in an electronic mail-in ballot, aswill be explained in greater detail below.

Following completion of the ballot and removal of the tab, the ballotcan be placed in a pre-addressed envelope designed (i.e., sized) toreceive the ballot 600. The voter may be required to sign the returnenvelope, or a voter card supplied therewith, to certify the vote. Oncereturned, voting data can be harvested from the ballot via electronicmeans. In a preferred embodiment, the ballot 600 includes an RF datatransfer device so that voting information can be recorded from theballot by radio capture. In this way, the ballot does not have to beremoved from the envelope for data gathering purposes. After theinformation is gathered, the envelope can be discarded, or retained fora period of time in the event of a re-count.

A portion of a backing layer of the electronic mail-in ballot isdepicted in FIG. 6B. The depicted portion of the backing layercorresponds to the switches 606 and associated selection indicators 605.A half switch arrangement is depicted wherein a bottom half 660 of aswitch 606 receives contact from a corresponding switch top half affixedto the bottom surface of a top sheet (not shown) when a switch isactuated (i.e., depressed). A microcontroller 670 receives an indicationthat a switch has been actuated, and responds by illuminating acorresponding selection indicator LED 605. The selection indicator LEDs605 operate through an LED driver 680, which is controlled by themicrocontroller 670. The LEDs receive operating power from an LED powerbus 675. Switch actuation may be detected through a switch detector 690.

Some additional features of a mail-in ballot can include encryptingvoting data transmitted between a mail-in ballot 600 and a radio datacapture device to enhance data security. A help switch (not shown) canbe provided that causes a help menu to be displayed on the LCD 602. Thealphanumeric keyboard 604 can be used to select and review help topics.

An ASIC microcontroller can be designed and used that is tailored forthe simple data collection requirements of a mail-in ballot system.Current technologies make it financially feasible to use such devices ina single-use data collection systems incorporating the presentinvention. Alternatively, a general use processor can be programmed inaccordance with the functional needs of mail-in ballot application.Because the electronic mail-in ballot is substantially a one use (i.e.,one election) device, componentry and materials can be selected toreduce unit costs. It is desirable to supply a more cost effectivesolution to mail-in balloting by a designing an electronic ballotingsystem whose total cost (i.e., unit cost, mailing, and data gathering)is below that of a conventional system whose costs include opticalscanning equipment, manual data entry, and correction. In addition, theturn around time between collection of the mail-in ballots and thegathering of data therefrom is improved over conventional processes.

The mail-in ballot is mailed to appropriate voters (e.g., absenteevoters) in an envelope along with a return envelope. The electronicballot is preferably designed to be sufficiently durable to be sent andreturned in the regular mail, however, envelopes may be marked “do notbend” in an attempt to mitigate damage. The mail-in ballot also can beconstructed to sustain folding by utilizing appropriate materials (e.g.,flexible conductive ink), arranging components accordingly, andindicating “fold-along” markers. In addition, components can be adheredwithin the data collection device using a protective bonding material,such as plastic or epoxy, to add mechanical rigidity.

In another application specific embodiment, an electronic datacollection device in accordance with the invention can be used as anelectronic census form 700 as depicted in FIG. 7. The topology of theelectronic census form 700 is designed to facilitate interactiveoperation in accordance with the functional requirements associated withgathering census data. In the depicted embodiment, census questions aredisplayed in an information display, such as an LCD 702. Answers to thecensus questions can be entered by a respondent using either a varietyof softswitches 704 which correspond to softswitch labels 708 appearingon the display 702. Or answers can be entered using an alphanumerickeypad 706. A cursor control device 710 can be used to manipulate acursor within the LCD 702, or to assist in scrolling through censusquestions. A power supply can be in the form of a solar cell 712 whichcan operate in combination with a battery (not shown). Additionalediting switches can include a clear key 714 for clearing an answerresponse; a menu key 716 for selecting language options, help menus, orcensus questions; a delete key for deleting a character; a displayunanswered questions key for bringing up unanswered questions; a nextkey 722 for moving to a next census question; a last key 724 forskipping to a previous census question; and a change key 726 forreplacing a previously entered answer. A help key 728 also can beprovided to supply a respondent with a help menu.

Operation of the electronic census device 700 is substantiallycontrolled by a microcontroller (not shown). One having ordinary skillin the art would be capable of programming an instruction set for themicrocontroller to carry out germane tasks involved with the operationof the electronic census device. Key operation and display contents arecontrolled by the microcontroller to facilitate interactive operation.Actuation of the ON/OFF switch 730 initiates operation of the electroniccensus form 730. After initializing, the microcontroller can display aquestion on the LCD 702 requesting that the respondent indicate alanguage preference. Each of the softswitches can correspond to alanguage option displayed above a respective switch (e.g., english,spanish, arabic or chinese). After indicating a language preference,subsequent questions are supplied in the language according to thelanguage selection. As shown in FIG. 7, a typical census question suchas: “Are you Married”, may be displayed on the LCD 702, in accordancewith the sequence of questions stored in the microcontroller (or in aseparate memory). The microcontroller monitors and records responsesentered by the respondent. If the respondent fails to actuate asoftswitch 704 corresponding to an answer choice (i.e., “yes” or “no”),the electronic census form 700 can provide an audible responseindicating an improper selection. Such audible feedback can be suppliedby provision of a piezoelectric component (not shown).

An example of another application specific embodiment, as depicted inFIG. 8, is a data collection device configured as an electronic tax form800. The electronic tax form 800 can be designed to combine relevant taxforms (full-time resident regular taxpayer, part year resident taxpayer,and appendixes) into one medium. The appropriate form is selected byscrolling through and selecting an appropriate form from a formselection display 802. A description of a form highlighted in the formselection display 802 can be displayed in a main information display 804to assist a user in making a selection. A selection can be made using aSELECT softswitch 805. The main information display 804 also can be usedas a worksheet space to assist a user in calculating income for variousearnings and compensation scenarios. The particular worksheet can beselected from a worksheet selection menu 806 using the SELECT softswitch805. Softswitches 808 for selecting softswitch labels displayed on themain information display 804 also can be provided. A calculator 810 alsocan be integrated into the electronic tax form 800. Activation of thecalculator can be achieved by pressing the “CALCULATOR” key 814. Theresult of a calculation performed on the calculator can be entered as ananswer to a response by actuating the “ENTER CALCULATED NUMBER” key 812.

Operation of the electronic tax form is controlled by a microcontroller(not shown). Pressing the ON/OFF key 816 activates the microcontrollercausing it to display an initial set of operating instructions on themain information display 804. A user can be instructed to initiallyselect an appropriate form from the form selection display 802.Highlighted items in the form selection display 802 can be scrolledthrough using the REVIEW keys 818. When the appropriate form ishighlighted in the form selection display 802, the user selects thatform by pressing the SELECT key 805. The microcontroller then operatesin accordance with stored instructions corresponding to the particulartax form selected. Tax information queries for the selected form aresubsequently displayed on the main information display 804.

Application specific embodiments of a data collection device can beconfigured to collect application data for employment, insuranceapplications or claims, mail order forms, and virtually any other formor application that requires a respondent to answer questions orqueries. An additional application specific embodiment is an inexpensiveinterface device for use in an interactive cable TV scenario. Such adevice is depicted in FIG. 9. The interface device 900 is comprised of amicrocontroller 902, that facilitates communication between a variety ofsoftswitches 904, and a modem chip 906. The modem chip 906 is attachedto an interface that can be connected to a cable TV converter 908 ortelephone jack (not shown). A user viewing a home shopping channel canuse the interface device 900 to control viewing options, bring upproduct information screens, purchase items, and/or cancel purchases.The softswitches 904 can be marked with appropriate labels indicatingsuch action options. The interface device can be sent using the mail(e.g., in the form of direct mail material). The device 900 also caninclude an alphanumeric keyboard (not shown) that can be used to entercredit card data.

In embodiments of the invention having an alphanumeric keyboard, such asthe electronic census form 700 of FIG. 7, a user may prefer to use a“QWERTY” keyboard configuration, rather than the A . . . Z configurationshown. Accordingly, another aspect of the invention is the provision ofa tear-away keyboard face that provides a user with the option ofselecting the alphanumeric keyboard configuration of their choice. Atear-away keyboard arrangement is depicted in FIGS. 1OA and lOB. In thedepicted arrangement, an A through Z overlay keyboard 1000 is attachedin a tear- or peel-away configuration over a fixed QWERTY keyboard 1002.If the A through Z keyboard is lifted off the fixed QWERTY keyboard, aswitch contact 1004 is broken. Breaking of the switch contact alerts amicrocontroller (not shown) to operate (i.e., detect switches) inaccordance with the QWERTY layout.

Accuracy and security of data stored in an electronic data collectiondevice, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention, aregenerally superior to that offered by conventional paper forms. This isprimarily because a user directly enters response data that is stored inan electronic format rendering it difficult to tamper with. Additionalsecurity can be added by using tear-away tabs to break criticalinter-component connections, and/or by utilizing checksums to enhancethe security and integrity of stored response data.

As mentioned briefly above with respect to the electronic mail-in ballotexemplary embodiment (see FIGS. 6A and 6B), a pull or tear away tab canbe provided in an electronic data collection device in accordance withthe invention to seal response data stored therein. An example of atear-away arrangement is depicted in FIGS. 11A and 11B. A removabletear-away tab 1100 can be provided at a peripheral portion of a datacollection device (not shown). The tear-away tab 1100 has one or moreinterconnectors 1104 and a seal control line 1106 imprinted or embeddedon a lower portion of its surface. The interconnectors 1104 and a sealcontrol line 1106 are intact when the tear-away tab 1100 is adhered tothe data collection device (see FIG. 11A). Removal of the tear-away tab1100 (see FIG. 11B) severs the interconnectors 1104 and the seal controlline 1106, thereby preventing response data stored in a memory frombeing altered. This can be accomplished by including interconnectorsfrom power sources 1108 as one or more of the interconnectors 1104appearing across the tear-away tab 1100. In addition, the seal controlline 1106 can act as a locking circuit that is monitored by amicrocontroller 1102. When broken, the seal control line 1106 renders itdifficult, or unfeasible, to further alter memory containing responsedata. This can be accomplished by having the disconnect of the sealcontrol line 1102 cause a memory write command, a switch detect command,and/or a power on command to be set to zero. After the tear-away tab1100 is removed, contents of the memory can only be practicallyretrieved by use of a data transfer means, such as an RF transceiversystem and a capture radio. Retrieval can be secured by using a passwordscheme, or requiring an access code to revive a locked data collectiondevice.

The accuracy and integrity of communication between a data collectiondevice, whether by means of an RF system or a physical connector, can beimproved by using error correction coding (e.g., forward errorcorrection, cyclic redundancy coding, or convolutional coding), and/orthe use of checksums. Use of a checksum routine also can provide anaudit function as explained in greater detail below.

Additional data can be added to the raw response data, entered by a useroperating a data collection device, to provide a means for checking theaccuracy and integrity of the raw response data. This can be achieved,in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, by creating a critical dataelement for a set, or subsets of raw response data. As depicted in FIG.12B, a critical data element 1200 includes: a data type designator 1202,a time tag 1204, a word count and parity information 1206, a headerchecksum 1208, record unique data 1210, a data checksum 1212, and acritical data element checksum 1214. The data type designator 1202, timetag 1204, and word count 1206 make up the data from which the headerchecksum 1208 is derived.

A device's Critical Data-Processing processes in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the invention, are shown in FIG. 12A. Theseprocesses produce a Critical Data Element 1200 that can be utilized foreither an individual data record or for an audit trail record. Rawresponse data contained within the Critical Data Element 1200 will varyin form and content depending on whether an individual data record or anaudit trail record is created. Accordingly, the data type 1202 willindicate the type of information (individual data record or auditrecord) corresponding to the Critical Data Element 1200.

The Critical Data Process of FIG. 12A can be used to build a CriticalData Element 1200 around raw (response) information for either recordtype. The information created for a record includes: a Critical DataElement Header 1216, a Time Tag 1204, word count and word parityinformation 1206 corresponding to each word of the stored data. A HeaderChecksum 1208 is also provided which indicates the number of bits in theCritical Data Element Header 1216.

FIG. 12A shows exemplary processing performed to produce the CriticalData Header and the multiple checksums. When the Critical Data Processis performed to produce a record from the raw response data, it firsttests and sets a parity bit for each 8 bit byte of the raw data element(block 1250). The raw response data is thereinafter referred to asRecord Unique Data 1210. The process then builds the Critical DataElement Header which consists of the Data Type identifier 1202; a TimeTag 1204 which is the current real time of the device (a unique numberfor each Critical Data Element 1208); and a Header Checksum 1208 (block1260). The Header Checksum 1208 is a numerical addition of the data inthe Critical Data Element Header (any overflow is ignored).

A second checksum, the Data Checksum 1212, is built on the Record UniqueData and utilizes the same checksum process (block 1270). The DataChecksum 1212 is a numerical addition of all bits in the Record UniqueData (any overflow is ignored). As previously mentioned, the RecordUnique Data is simply the raw data which has been processed for parityinformation.

The final step in the Critical Data Process is to build a thirdchecksum, Critical Data Element Checksum 1214, for the entire CriticalData Element (block 1280). The Critical Data Element Checksum is anumerical addition of all bits contained within the Critical DataElement. The Critical Data Element Checksum is a unique number whichincorporates the information from the Time Tagged Number of Words. TheCritical Data Element 1200 is then saved and the controller returns tonormal function (block 1290).

This combination of header data, parity, and multiple checksumsguarantees that the stored data is accurate and true, and if a dataerror or corruption were to occur, the arrangement allows detection ofthe incorrect data and repair of the incorrect data.

FIG. 13 depicts the Test Valid Critical Data Store Method procedurewhich uses data verification processes to read and verify storedcritical data. Each process that reads, stores or otherwise utilizesdata within the Critical Data Element preferably verifies the data priorto performing any other process. This ensures that the information iscorrect.

As shown in FIG. 13, the Test Valid Critical Data Store Method processesand verifies the integrity of a Critical Data Element 1200 by retrieving(block 1310) and regenerating (block 1320) the checksums containedwithin Critical Data Element and comparing (block 1330) the result tothe checksums generated and stored by the Critical Data Process of FIG.12A. If the checksums are equal, the data is deemed valid and theintegrity of the information considered to be correct. However, if thechecksums are not equal, a Detect and Correct Process (block 1340), asdescribed below in reference to FIG. 14, is performed to correctincorrect data.

FIG. 14 depicts the Detect and Correct Process that is performed tocorrect stored data errors. First, each checksum is tested to identifywhich part of the critical data element is incorrect (block 1410). Inother words, each checksum including the Header Checksum 1208, The DataChecksum 1212, and the Critical Data Element Checksum 1214 isrecalculated and compared with the sorted value in the Critical DataElement. An incorrect match will indicate which portion of the CriticalData Element is in error.

Next, a test of each parity bit corresponding to each byte of data isrecalculated and compared with the stored value to determine which byteof data is incorrect. The combination of the checksum and the parityinformation thus provides a unique determination of the data bit or bitsthat are incorrect. The process then “repairs” the data, in a processdescribed below, by setting the incorrect bits to their correct value.

The repair process is shown by the Test Valid Critical Data Store ofFIG. 13. First, the stored information is read. Next, the parityinformation for a corrupted byte is analyzed. The parity information foreach byte of data will identify which byte has the incorrect data. Eachpossible combination of bits for the incorrect byte is then sequentiallygenerated and added to the other bytes in the record. The checksum isthen recalculated and compared with the stored value. This process isrepeated until the value of the added bytes equals the checksum. Theincorrect byte is then replaced with the “repaired” byte to therebyrepair the incorrect byte (block 1420). This process may be used torepair either the Critical Data Header or Record Unique Data.

Returning now to FIG. 14, the process generates an audit log record ofthe fact that the record was repaired (block 1430). This feature,incorporated together with the specified data record content proves thetruth of the data. These techniques can also be used in the datacollection system for any process that stores, reads, or uses criticaldata. These methods assure the accuracy and truth of the critical dataelements produced, the audit trail, and the individual data record.

Exemplary applications of the invention have been described. However,one skilled in the art will readily appreciate and recognize that thedata collection device in accordance with the invention can be appliedin any scenario requiring collection of data. The invention provides thebenefit of removing the requirement for expensive scanning equipment andits corresponding computing platforms and software.

The invention has been described with reference to particularembodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled inthe art that it is possible to embody the invention in specific formsother than those of the embodiments described above. Embodiment of theinvention in ways not specifically described may be done withoutdeparting from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the preferredembodiments described herein are merely illustrative and should not beconsidered restrictive in any way. The scope of the invention is givenby the appended claims, rather than by the preceding description, andall variations and equivalents which fall within the range of the claimsare intended to be embraced therein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for data collection, said apparatuscomprising: a sandwich structure having a top sheet, a backing sheet,and a middle sheet positioned between said top sheet and said backingsheet; a display mounted on an upper surface of said backing sheet, saiddisplay passing through a display aperture defined in said middle sheet,said display being received in and disposed in a display aperturedefined in said top sheet; a set of switches a first half of which aredefined on an upper surface of said backing sheet, a second half ofwhich are defined on a bottom surface of said top sheet, wherein a setof apertures are defined in said middle sheet to define a space betweeneach of said first and second switch halves; a memory mounted on saidupper surface of said backing sheet; a data transfer device mounted onsaid upper surface of said backing sheet; a microcontroller unit mountedon said upper surface of said backing sheet, said microcontroller unitbeing connected to said display, said set of switches, said memory, andsaid data transfer device, and a power source connected to saidmicrocontroller unit for supplying power to said microcontroller unit;wherein said microcontroller unit controls said display to display aquestion, controlling said memory to store response data entered by auser using said set of switches in response to said question, andcontrolling said data transfer device to supply said stored responsedata to an external capture device in response to an external signal. 2.The apparatus claimed in claim 1, wherein said top, middle and backingsheets comprise paper.
 3. The apparatus claimed in claim 1, wherein saidtop, middle and backing sheets comprise plastic.
 4. The apparatusclaimed in claim 1, wherein the microcontroller is connected to saiddisplay, said set of switches, said memory, said data transfer device,and said power source by interconnectors comprised of conductive inkprinted on said backing sheet.
 5. The apparatus claimed in claim 1,wherein the microcontroller is connected to said display, said set ofswitches, said memory, said data transfer device, and said power sourceby interconnectors comprised of conductive adhesive deposited on saidbacking sheet.
 6. The apparatus claimed in claim 1, wherein said displayis selected from the group consisting of a liquid crystal display, anencapsulated liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode display, anelectroluminescent display, and a break out indicator display.
 7. Theapparatus claimed in claim 1, wherein said memory is ferrous RAM.
 8. Theapparatus claimed in claim 1, wherein said microcontroller and saidmemory are integrated into a single device.
 9. The apparatus claimed inclaim 1, wherein said data transfer device is a physical connector. 10.The apparatus claimed in claim 1, wherein said data transfer device is aradio frequency device.
 11. The apparatus claimed in claim 10, whereinsaid microcontroller, said memory, and said data transfer device areintegrated into a single device.
 12. The apparatus claimed in claim 10,further comprising: a power antenna, wherein said data transfer deviceis supplied with power from said power antenna when said power antennais excited by an external source.
 13. The apparatus claimed in claim 1,wherein data communicated between the data transfer device and theexternal capture means is encoded.
 14. The apparatus claimed in claim10, wherein said microcontroller receives question data through saidradio frequency device.
 15. The apparatus claimed in claim 1, whereinsaid power source is selected from the group consisting of at least onebattery, at least one solar cell, and a combination of at least onebattery and at least one solar cell.
 16. Apparatus comprising: anenvelope structure having a front sheet and a back sheet, said frontsheet and said back sheet defining a thin interior space therebetween; adisplay disposed in said front sheet; a set of switches disposed in saidfront sheet; a memory disposed in said interior space; a data outputdevice disposed in said interior space; a data processing unit disposedin said interior space and connected to said display, said set ofswitches, said memory, and said data output device, said data processingunit controlling said display to display a query, controlling saidmemory to store response data entered by a user using said set ofswitches in response to said query, and controlling said data outputdevice to transfer said response data from said memory to an externaldevice in response to an external signal; and a power source connectedto said data processing device for supplying power to said dataprocessing device.
 17. An electronic data collection device rendered ina substantially two-dimensional configuration, the data collectiondevice comprising: means for displaying information inviting arespondent to enter a response; means for inputting the response; meansfor storing the response; means for transferring the response pursuantto a request; means for controlling the displaying means, the inputtingmeans, the storing means and the transferring means; and means forsupplying operating power to the display means, the inputting means, andthe storing means.
 18. A substantially two-dimensional electronic datacollection device comprising: a plurality of flexible material sheetlayers having a combination of components secured therein, thecomponents comprising: an information display for displaying informationinviting a respondent to enter a response; a plurality of switch devicesfor entering a response; a memory for storing the response entered bythe respondent; a data transfer device for supplying the storedresponses to a data accumulation device in response to a request fromthe data accumulation device; a microcontroller for controlling theinformation display, for monitoring the plurality of switch devices, andfor facilitating the transfer of responses to the data accumulationdevice; and a power supply for providing power to the informationdisplay, to the memory, and to the microcontroller.
 19. Apparatuscomprising: an envelope structure having a top sheet, and a backingsheet, an upper surface of said top sheet being printed with a set ofcandidates for election; a set of switches disposed within said envelopestructure and positioned adjacent to said set of candidates so thatactuation of one of said set of switches by a voter indicates selectionof a candidate; a memory disposed within said envelope structure forstoring candidate selections; a data transfer device disposed withinsaid envelope structure for communicating candidate selections stored insaid memory to an external capture device; a microcontroller disposedwithin said envelope structure, which microcontroller is connected tosaid set of switches, said memory, and said data transfer device, and apower source disposed within said envelope structure, which power sourceis connected, and supplies power, to said microcontroller.
 20. Theapparatus claimed in claim 19 further comprising: a set of selectionindicators positioned next to each switch of said set of switches,wherein actuation of a switch causes a corresponding selection indicatorto be energized.
 21. The apparatus claimed in claim 19 furthercomprising: a pull tab which when removed locks the apparatus therebyrendering it difficult to alter candidate selection data.
 22. Theapparatus claimed in claim 19 further comprising: switches correspondingto a write-in candidate; and an alphanumeric keyboard for enteringwrite-in candidate information.
 23. The apparatus claimed in claim 19further comprising: an information display.
 24. Apparatus comprising: anenvelope structure having a top sheet, and a backing sheet; a displaydisposed within said envelope structure and appearing though an apertureformed in said top sheet, said display displaying census questions; aset of switches disposed within said envelope structure for respondingto said census questions, said switches including an alphanumerickeyboard; a memory disposed within said envelope structure; a datatransfer device disposed within said envelope structure; amicrocontroller connected to said set of switches, said memory, and saiddata transfer device, and a power source connected to saidmicrocontroller for supplying power to said microcontroller unit. 25.Apparatus comprising: an envelope structure including a front sheet anda back sheet defining a thin interior space therebetween, said frontsheet and said back sheet having a first lateral dimension and a secondlateral dimension; a display disposed in said front sheet; a set ofswitches disposed in said front sheet; a memory disposed in saidinterior space; a data output device disposed in said interior space; adata processing unit disposed in said interior space and connected tosaid display, said set of switches, said memory, and said data outputdevice, said data processing unit controlling said display to display aquery, controlling said memory to store response data entered by a userusing said set of switches in response to said query, and controllingsaid data output device to transfer said response data from said memoryto an external device in response to an external signal; and a powersource connected to said data processing device for supplying power tosaid data processing device, wherein a thickness of said apparatus is ina range of about 0.09 to 0.15 inches and said first and second lateraldimensions are in the range of about 3.0 to 14.5 inches.
 26. A datacollection device comprising: an envelope structure having a top surfaceand a back surface; a display disposed within said envelope structurefor displaying information inviting a respondent to enter a response; aplurality of switches disposed within said envelope structure forentering a response; a memory disposed within said envelope structurefor storing the data; a data transfer device disposed within saidenvelope structure for electronically transferring the stored data to anexternal capture device; a microcontroller unit disposed within saidenvelope structure for controlling the plurality of switches, thememory, and the data transfer device; and a power source for supplyingoperating power to the microcontroller unit.
 27. The device as claimedin claim 26, wherein said data transfer device transfers the stored dataresponsive to a request from said external capture device.
 28. Thedevice as claimed in claim 26, wherein said data transfer devicetransfers the stored data responsive to proximity to said externalcapture device.
 29. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the datatransfer device includes an RF interface.
 30. The device as claimed inclaim 26, wherein said plurality of switches include membrane switches.31. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein said plurality ofswitches include capacitive switches.
 32. The device as claimed in claim26, wherein said memory is part of said microcontroller unit and alsostores operating instructions for controlling the device.
 33. The deviceas claimed in claim 26, wherein said plurality of switches are activatedusing a touch pad.
 34. The device as claimed in claim 26, wherein saidplurality of switches are activated using a keyboard.
 35. A datacollection apparatus comprising: a substantially two-dimensionalstructure having a top sheet and a backing sheet, said top sheet adaptedto present a plurality of selection options to a user; a set of switchesdisposed within said substantially two-dimensional structure andpositioned adjacent said plurality of selection options so thatactuation of one of the switches within the set of switches by the userindicates selections of a respective one of said plurality of selectionoptions; a memory disposed within said substantially two-dimensionalstructure for storing option selections; a data transfer device disposedwithin said substantially two-dimensional structure for communicatingoption selections stored in said memory to an external capture device; amicrocontroller disposed within said substantially two-dimensionalstructure and connected to said set of switches, said memory, and saiddata transfer device; and a power source connected, and supplying power,to said microcontroller.
 36. The apparatus as set forth in claim 35,wherein said plurality of selection options are printed on an uppersurface of the top sheet.
 37. The apparatus as set forth in claim 35,wherein said data transfer device also receives and downloadsinstructions from an external device preparatory to user selection. 38.The apparatus as set forth in claim 35, and further comprising a displayfor displaying an option selection selected by the user.
 39. Anapparatus for collecting data inputted by a user selecting one of aplurality of selection options in response to a plurality of queries,said apparatus comprising: a substantially two-dimensional structurehaving a top surface and a back surface; a display disposed within saidsubstantially two-dimensional structure and visible from said topsurface to present a plurality of selection options; a set of switchesfor activation by said user, actuation of one of said switches withinthe set of switches indicating selection of a respective one of saidplurality of selection options; a memory disposed within saidsubstantially two-dimensional structure for storing said optionselections selected by said user; a data transfer device disposed withinsaid substantially two-dimensional structure for communicating saidoption selections stored in said memory to an external capture device; amicrocontroller disposed within said substantially two-dimensionalstructure and connected to said set of switches, said memory, said datatransfer device, and said display; and a power source for supplyingpower to said microcontroller.
 40. The apparatus as set forth in claim39, wherein said power source is disposed within said substantiallytwo-dimensional structure.
 41. An apparatus for collecting data inputtedby a user selecting one of a plurality of selection options in responseto a plurality of queries, said apparatus comprising: a substantiallytwo-dimensional structure having a top sheet and a backing sheet, saidtop sheet adapted to present a plurality of selection options; a set ofswitches for activation by said user, actuation of one of said switcheswithin the set of switches indicating selection of a respective one ofsaid plurality of selection options; a display connected to said set ofswitches so that activation of one of said switches within said set ofswitches indicates said selection to the user; a memory for storing saidoption selections selected by said user; a data transfer device forcommunicating said option selections stored in said memory to anexternal capture device; a data processing unit connected to said set ofswitches, said memory, and said data transfer device, and controllingsaid display; and a power source connected and supplying power to saiddata processing unit; said display, said switches, said memory, saiddata transfer device and said data processing unit all disposed withinsaid substantially two-dimensional structure.
 42. The apparatus as setforth in claim 41, wherein said data processing unit also controls saiddisplay to display a query from said plurality of queries.